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About Orchestra
The sound of an orchestra playing is a thrilling experience. An orchestra is a collection of instruments that are all played at the same time. Some orchestras have well over 100 players. Yet when they play together it sounds like one mighty musical instrument.
AROUND THE WORLD
When you say the word “orchestra”, most people think of a Western orchestra that plays classical music. But there are other kinds of orchestras in different parts of the world. In Indonesia, the gamelan orchestra is made up of percussion instruments including drums, xylophones and gongs. In Russia, a balalaika orchestra includes many different sizes of balalaika.
The word orchestra was first used by the Ancient Greeks, nearly 3,000 years ago. They used the word to describe the area between the audience and the stage in a Greek theatre. This was where dancing and singing took place during the performance of a play. When opera began in Italy in the 17th century, the musicians sat in the area in front of the stage. Later, people began to use the word “orchestra” to describe the musicians themselves.
SECTIONS OF THE ORCHESTRA
A Western orchestra is divided into four different sections made up of stringed, woodwind, brass and percussion instruments. The stringed instruments are violins, violas, cellos and double basses. The violins are split into first and second violins, and the two parts play different lines of music. In an average symphony orchestra there are usually about 20 first violins and 18 to 20 second violins, with about 14 violas, 12 cellos and 8 double basses. The violin can play the highest notes of all the stringed instruments, so the violins often play the tune.
The woodwind section is usually made up of two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets and two bassoons. Each player has a different line of music. Sometimes a composer writes lines of music for three of each instrument. The third player often has to switch between one instrument and another. For example, the third flute player often also plays a small, high-pitched flute called a piccolo. The third oboe player may play the cor anglais, a lower-pitched version of the oboe. The third clarinet may play a bass clarinet and the third bassoon may play a double bassoon. Both these instruments can play lower notes than the normal instruments.
The brass section is usually made up of four French horns, three trumpets, three trombones and a tuba. Composers sometimes write music for other brass instruments. For example, the German composer Richard Wagner designed a special tuba, called a Wagner tuba. He wrote music for the Wagner tuba in his operas. There is often a bass trombone in the brass section, too. This instrument plays lower notes than the normal trombone.
In the percussion section there is one player who plays the timpani, called the timpanist. The timpani are kettle drums. Each drum sounds a different note when it is played. The timpanist usually plays two or three drums, tuned to different notes. The other players in the percussion section play a wide range of instruments including the side drum (snare drum), bass drum, cymbals and triangle. Sometimes a composer includes other percussion instruments in a piece of music such as the tambourine, cymbals, xylophone, glockenspiel and tubular bells.
As well as these four main sections, the symphony orchestra often has extra instruments such as a harp or a piano.
THE CONDUCTOR
The musicians in an orchestra have to play together. A conductor stands in front of the orchestra and directs the players to keep them in time. The conductor holds a short white stick, called a baton, which makes it easier for the players to see his or her movements. The conductor also takes rehearsals. This is when the musicians practise the pieces they are going to play in a concert.
The conductor decides where everyone in the orchestra will sit. The usual layout has the string section at the front. The violins sit to the left of the conductor, the violas, cellos and double basses to the right. The woodwind and brass sections sit behind the strings. The percussion section is at the back.
KINDS OF ORCHESTRA
There are many different kinds of orchestra. A symphony orchestra performs symphonies, concertos and other concert music. The players in a symphony orchestra usually sit on a stage to perform. Opera orchestras accompany the singers in an opera. The players usually sit in a space underneath and slightly in front of the stage. This is called the orchestra pit. Ballet music is usually played by an orchestra, too. The ballet orchestra also sits in the orchestra pit. Smaller orchestras, called chamber orchestras, usually have 25 or fewer players.
BEGINNINGS
In 1607 the first major opera was performed in Mantua, Italy. It was Orfeo by the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. Monteverdi used an orchestra to accompany the singers on stage. This was the beginning of the orchestra as we know it today.
BIGGER AND BIGGER
Until the late 18th century, orchestras usually had between 20 and 30 players. During the lifetime of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) the size of the orchestra increased to between 30 and 40 players. Brass instruments such as horns, trumpets and trombones became regular members of the orchestra. During the 19th century, composers began to write more dramatic music for larger orchestras. By the early 20th century the modern orchestra of about 100 players had become the normal size.
During the 17th century, composers continued to use orchestras in opera performances. They also began to write music for orchestras on their own. These pieces were played in private concerts at royal courts and the houses of wealthy families across Europe. By the 18th century the standard orchestra was made up of first and second violins, violas, cellos and double basses. Oboes, flutes and a bassoon made up the woodwind section. The clarinet arrived slightly later: it was invented in the early 18th century and first appeared in the orchestra in the middle of the same century.
Musical notations
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| 16nth century notation |
WHY DID NOTATION START?
In ancient times, and still in some cultures today, people did not need to write down music. They passed on their music from one generation to the next by learning and remembering tunes. One reason why people started to write music down was to help them remember particular pieces of music. Another reason was to preserve music. Music that was kept in someone’s memory could be easily forgotten and lost. Music written down on a piece of paper could be copied, distributed and carefully preserved for future generations.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF NOTATION
Many different kinds of notation developed across the world. But whatever system musicians used, it needed to show two basic facts: the pitch of a note (how high or low it is), and the length of a note. Some notation systems showed the performer how to play the notes. This was done by indicating where to put the fingers to produce a particular note. This system is known as tablature. It is still used today, especially for the guitar.
The earliest systems of notation date from the Ancient Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. The Ancient Greeks used the letters of their alphabet to represent different pitches. The earliest examples of tablature come from China, written for a stringed instrument called a qin, a type of zither.
FROM NEUMES TO NOTES
When you read a piece of music today, you are using a system of notation that developed over many centuries. The shapes of the notes came originally from neumes. These were signs written over the top or below the words of a chant. They helped the performer to remember a particular group of notes. Gradually the neumes developed, until by about 1200 they were square-shaped. Meanwhile, from the 10th century onwards, people began to draw a horizontal line to help indicate pitch. The position of the neumes above, below or on the line showed how high or low the pitch was. At first there was just one line, then two, then four and five. By about 1200, the notation showed the pitch of a note quite clearly, but how long the note was supposed to last was still unclear.
The next developments happened quite quickly. People began to write different note shapes to indicate different lengths of notes. They also showed when a particular voice was silent with the use of a symbol called a rest. There were different rest shapes to indicate how long the silence lasted. The first “time signatures” appeared in France in the 14th century. By about 1450, when white, unfilled note shapes were used for the first time, musical notation looked very like the modern notation we use today.
THE STAVE
In modern Western notation, people write music on five horizontal lines, called a staff or stave. Each line and the space between each line on the stave represents a different pitch. At the beginning of every stave you will find a sign called a clef. The clef tells you the pitch of one of the lines or spaces. From this you can work out the pitches of all the other lines and spaces on the stave. There are four types of clef: treble, alto, tenor and bass. Treble and bass are the most common.
PITCH
HOW LONG IS A NOTE?
You can work out how long a note should last by its shape. The longest note is a breve, or double whole note. A semibreve, or whole note, lasts half as long as a breve. A minim (half note) lasts half as long as a whole note. A crotchet (quarter note) lasts a quarter as long as a whole note. A quaver (eighth note) lasts an eighth of the time of a whole note. You can keep dividing a whole note to get semiquavers (sixteenth notes), demisemiquavers (thirty-second notes) and so on. Similarly, the shapes of rests show how long a silence should be.
METRE
In written music, a composer groups the notes and rests into units of time called bars. The beginning and end of a bar is indicated by a vertical line across the stave, called a bar line. When you listen to a piece of music, you will notice that it usually has a pulse or “beat”. This pulse often falls into groups of two, three or four, with the first beat of the group having the strongest emphasis. This is called the metre. Composers indicate the metre of a piece of music by using a time signature. A time signature has two numbers. The top number shows the number of musical beats in each bar. The bottom number shows what kind of beats they are. For instance, a time signature of ¬ means that there are two crotchets, or quarter notes, in every bar.
Nenjukkul Peidhidum Keyboard Notes (VaaraNam Aayiram)
The evergreen hit sung by Hariharan is undoubtedly the favourite of many music lovers........
Now, here are the keyboard notes of this classical melody....... try it yourself...
NenjukkuL peidhidum maa mazhai NeerukuL moozhgidum thaamarai
C C D D D C D E C a a C C C D b a g
Cadd9 C Am G
Sattendru maarudhu vaaanilai PeNNe un mel pizhai
g g b b b C C~abC D b b C D~C E D
Em7 F6 G
Nillamal veesidum peralai NenjukkuL neenthidum thaaragai
C C D D D C D E C a a C C C D b a g
Cadd9 Am G
Pon vaNNam soodiya kaaarigai PeNNe nee kaaaanchanai
g g b b b Cb C~abC D b b C C~ab~gg g~D
Em7 F6 G
Oh shaantii shaantii oh shaantii Yen uyiraii uyirai neeyenthi
DE F G~F E D~C D G G~D D~E FF F~GF EE D~C C~DE~DD
Dm C G Dm C G
Yen sendraai sendraai yennai thaaNdii Ini neethan yenthan andhathi
D~E F F~G~F E D~~C D D G G~D DE F G~~F E D~~C CDE~DD
Dm C G Dm C G
<Nenjukkul ... pizhai>
Charanam 1
----------
Yedho ondru ennai eerka Mookin nuNi marmam serka
C C b C a C a g C C b C a C a g
C F C Am F C
KaLLa thanamm yedhum illa Punnagaiyoo boganvilla
C C b CbCa a C a g C C b~DC~a a C a g
Am F C Am F C
Nee nindra idam endraal Vilai yerii pOgadho
C~D E D EE E E D E G E~D D D D
C Asus4 G
Nee sellum vazhi ellam panikattii aahadho
C~D E D E E E E~D D E G E~D D D D
C Asus4 G
Yennodu vaaaaa veedu varaikkum
D D C D~CD~C C~aC D C C
Dm F C
Yen veetai paaaar yennai pidikkum
D D C D~CD~C C~aC D C C
Dm F C
IvaL yaaroooo yaaroo theriyadhey IvaL pinnaal nenjee pOgadhey
DE F F~G~F E D~C D D G G DE F F~G~F E D~C CDE~DD
Dm C Gm Dm C G
Idhu poyyoooo meyyoo theriyadhaey IvaL pinnaal nenjae pogadhey
DE F F~G~F E D~C D D A~GG~~D DE F F~G~F E D~C CDE~DD
Dm C Gm Dm C G
<Nenjukkul...>
Sounds of music......
In the simplest terms music can be described as the juxtaposition of two elements: pitch and duration, usually called melody and rhythm. The minimal unit of musical organization is the note—that is, a sound with specific pitch and duration. Music thus consists of combinations of individual notes that appear successively (melody) or simultaneously (harmony) or, as in most Western music, both.
What makes other sounds different from music???
Indefinite border areas exist, however, between music and other sound phenomena such as speech, and the cultures of the world differ in their opinion of the musicality of various sounds. Thus, simple tribal chants, a half-spoken style of singing, or a composition created by a computer program may or may not be accepted as music by members of a given society or sub-group. Muslims, for example, do not consider the chanting of the Koran to be a kind of music, although the structure of the chant is similar to that of secular singing. The social context of sounds may determine whether or not they are regarded as music. Industrial noises, for instance, are not usually regarded as music except when presented as part of a composition controlled by a creative individual. In the last 50 years, however, new aesthetic approaches in Western music have challenged this view. Composers such as John Cage have produced works in which the listener is invited to hear music in the ambient sounds of the environment.
What is music????
Music is the organized movement of sounds through a continuum of time. Music plays a role in all societies, and it exists in a large number of styles, each characteristic of a geographical region or a historical era
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All known societies have music, but only a few languages have a specific word for it. In Western culture, dictionaries usually define music as an art that is concerned with combining sounds—particularly pitches—to produce an artefact that has beauty or attractiveness, that follows some kind of internal logic and exhibits intelligible structure, and that requires special skill on the part of its creator. Clearly, music is not easy to define, and yet historically most people have recognized the concept of music and generally agreed on whether or not a given sound is musical.
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